Heth

For other uses, see Heth (disambiguation).

← Zayin Heth Teth →
Phoenician	Hebrew	Aramaic	Syriac	Arabic
	ח		ܚ	ح‍,ح
Alphabetic derivatives		Greek	Latin	Cyrillic
		Η	H	И,Й
Phonemic representation:				ħ / χ / x
Position in alphabet:				8
Numerical (Gematria/Abjad) value:				8

Ḥet or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician , Syriac ܚ, Hebrew ח, Arabic ح, and Berber ⵃ. It is usually represented in the Latin alphabet by ḥ.

Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either pharyngeal /ħ/, or velar /x/ (the two Proto-Semitic phonemes having merged in Canaanite). In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ḥāʾ ح represents /ħ/, while ḫāʾ خ represents /x/.

In modern Israeli Hebrew, the historical phonemes of the letters Ḥet ח (/ħ/) and Khaf כ (/x/) merged, both becoming the voiceless uvular fricative ([χ]).

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Eta Η, Etruscan 𐌇, Latin H and Cyrillic И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent vowel sounds.

Origins

Semitic alphabets
Phoenician (c.1050 – 200 BCE)
𐤀‎   𐤁‎   𐤂‎   𐤃‎   𐤄‎ 𐤅‎   𐤆‎   𐤇‎   𐤈‎   𐤉‎ 𐤊‎   𐤋‎   𐤌‎   𐤍‎   𐤎‎ 𐤏‎   𐤐‎   𐤑‎   𐤒‎   𐤓‎ 𐤔‎   𐤕‎ Semitic abjads
Hebrew (400 BCE – present)
א  ב  ג  ד  ה  ו ז  ח  ט  י  כך ל  מם  נן  ס  ע  פף צץ  ק  ר  ש  ת History · Transliteration Niqqud · Dagesh · Gematria Cantillation · Numeration
Syriac (200 BCE – present)
ܐ  ܒ  ܓ  ܕ  ܗ  ܘ ܙ  ܚ  ܛ  ܝ  ܟܟ  ܠ ܡܡ  ܢܢ  ܣ  ܥ  ܦ ܨ  ܩ  ܪ  ܫ  ܬ
Arabic (400 CE – present)
ا   ب   ت   ث   ج   ح خ   د   ذ   ر   ز   س ش   ص   ض   ط   ظ ع   غ   ف   ق   ك ل   م   ن   ه   و   ي History · Transliteration Diacritics · Hamza ء Numerals · Numeration

The letter shape ultimately goes back to a hieroglyph for "courtyard",

(possibly named ḥasir in the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, while the name goes rather back to ḫayt, the name reconstructed for a letter derived from a hieroglyph for "thread",

The corresponding South Arabian letters are ḥ and ḫ, corresponding to Ge'ez Ḥauṭ ሐ and Ḫarm ኀ.

Hebrew Ḥet

Orthographic variants
Various Print Fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi Script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ח	ח	ח

Hebrew spelling: חֵית

Pronunciation

In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the letter Ḥet usually has the sound value of a voiceless uvular fricative (/χ/), as in Ashkenazi Hebrew. In other phonologies, it is pronounced as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative (/ħ/) and is still among Mizrahim (especially among the older generation and popular Mizrahi singers), in accordance with oriental Jewish traditions.

The ability to pronounce the Arabic letter ḥāʾ (ح) correctly as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ is often used as a shibboleth to distinguish Arabic-speakers from non-Arabic-speakers; in particular, pronunciation of the letter as /x/ is seen as a hallmark of Ashkenazi Jews and Greeks.

Ḥet is one of the few Hebrew consonants that can take a vowel at the end of a word. This occurs when patach gnuva comes under the Ḥet at the end of the word. The combination is then pronounced /-aχ/ rather than /-χa/. For example: פתוח (/ˌpaˈtuaχ/), and תפוח (/ˌtaˈpuaχ/).

Variations

Ḥet, along with Aleph, Ayin, Resh, and He, cannot receive a dagesh. As pharyngeal fricatives are difficult for most English speakers to pronounce, loanwords are usually Anglicized to have /h/. Thus challah (חלה), pronounced by native Hebrew speakers as /χala/ or /ħala/ is pronounced /halə/ by most English speakers, who cannot often perceive the difference between h and ħ.

Significance

In gematria, Ḥet represents the number eight.

In chat rooms and online forums, the letter Ḥet repeated denotes laughter, similar to the English LOL.

Arabic ḥāʾ

See also: خ

The letter is named حاء ḥāʾ and is the sixth letter of the alphabet. Its shape varies depending on its position in the word:

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form:	ح‎	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎

Pronunciation

In Arabic, the ḥāʾ is similar to the English H, but is much "raspier", IPA: ħ~ʜ.

In Persian, it is h, exactly as ⟨ه⟩.

Character encodings

Character	ח		ح		ܚ		ࠇ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER HET		ARABIC LETTER HAH		SYRIAC LETTER HETH		SAMARITAN LETTER IT
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	1495	U+05D7	1581	U+062D	1818	U+071A	2055	U+0807
UTF-8	215 151	D7 97	216 173	D8 AD	220 154	DC 9A	224 160 135	E0 A0 87
Numeric character reference	ח	ח	ح	ح	ܚ	ܚ	ࠇ	ࠇ

Character	𐎈		𐡇		𐤇
Unicode name	UGARITIC LETTER HOTA		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER HETH		PHOENICIAN LETTER HET
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	66440	U+10388	67655	U+10847	67847	U+10907
UTF-8	240 144 142 136	F0 90 8E 88	240 144 161 135	F0 90 A1 87	240 144 164 135	F0 90 A4 87
UTF-16	55296 57224	D800 DF88	55298 56391	D802 DC47	55298 56583	D802 DD07
Numeric character reference	𐎈	𐎈	𐡇	𐡇	𐤇	𐤇

See also

• Ħ, ħ : Latin letter H with stroke